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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makesus re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographsthat show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the imageof 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started postingthem on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprisedto see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They arenoting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as thehundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographicportraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absentlyinto the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposuretimes were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing animage on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical dutieswas too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became thenorm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction ofthe Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’sdigital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smileswere relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for anexplanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesygrin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victoriansaying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouthswere often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve ofthe super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lackedclass: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with asmile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not abecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed ahearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he hascollected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas
A. a deep-root belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
【正确答案】31.A 32.B 33.D 34.A 35.A
【解析】
31. 根据题干author’s posts onTwitter可以定位到第一段的第二句，第一段第一句只提到了作者，没有提到Twitter，故定位句不在第一句。第二句既有作者又有Twitter(推特)这一社交软件，关键词相对集中，与题干对应，故定位句从第二句开始往后找，第二句说了作者在Twitter上发帖，而题目问的是作者在Twitter上发帖所带来的影响，故答案不在本句，影响应该往本句后面的三、四句中找，只看第二句是看不出来作者在推特上的帖子所带来的影响的，三、四句话说“人们惊讶地发现，有证据表明，维多利亚时代的人喜欢笑，能够笑，也确实笑过。他们注意到，维多利亚时代似乎突然变得更有人味了，因为我们共同的欢笑经历使我们之间的百年左右的分隔逐渐消失。符合原文表述的只有A。B选项说推特上强调了社交媒体在维多利亚时代研究中的作用，三、四句没有体现对社交媒体的大肆褒奖，属于常见的无中生有，故排除。C选项说重新评价维多利亚时代的公众形象属于语意混淆，原文说人们发现和选项中说重新评价明显是偷换概念，发现是打开新世界，发现新事物，重新评价是在原有的评价基础上采取的修正主义，故干扰项最大的C排除。D选项说阐明了维多利亚时代摄影术的发展，定位句没有提到摄影技术，属于常见的无中生有，故排除。
32. 根据题干What does author say about the Victorian portraits he hascollected?中的关键词author，Victorian，collection提示并结合题文同序的做题原则，可以定位到第二段的第一句，第二段第一句提到了作者author，提到Victorian，提到collection，这三个关键词判定定位句在第二段第一句。本句作者承认,他的微笑的维多利亚肖像画的收藏只占创建于1840年至1900年之间庞大的摄影肖像画之中的极小比例，故作者认为他的收藏品在那个时代的照片中它们是很罕见的，tinypercentage对应rare。故选B。A选项说它们在历史学家中广泛使用,与tinypercentage意思相反，属于正反混淆，故排除。C选项说它们反映了19世纪的社会习俗，1900年属于20世纪，语义错误，故排除。D选项说它们显示了不同曝光时间的影响，原文未提及不同的曝光时
间，属于无中生有，故排除。
33.根据题干1890s这一关键词，可以定位到第四段的第二句。题干说到在19世纪90年代，是什么让维多利亚时代的人们在拍照时不微笑呢?本句作者提到在19世纪90年代，自发的微笑相对容易捕捉，所以我们必须从其他地方寻找为什么维多利亚时代的人仍然对微笑犹豫不决的原因。故原因应该往下找，因为上文时间上对应不上，下文又没有提到新的时间节点，所以表示原因的正确答案应该在第五段出现，第五段有一个词explanation直接锁定答案在本段，本段反复在讲口腔卫生话题，选项D中dental的同义词是原文中的teeth这一高频词,因此答案选D，A选项说他们固有的社会敏感性。原文没有提及，属于无中生有，故排除。B选项说他们在镜头前的紧张，原文没有提及，属于无中生有，故排除。C选项说他们对新发明的不信任。原文没有提及，同样属于无中生有，故排除。
34. 根据题干Mark Twain这一关键词，可以定位到第六段的第二句。做题的关键在于找到马克吐温的话“nothing more damningthan a silly, foolish smile fixedforever”.–在摄影中，“没有什么比一个永远固定的愚蠢的微笑更可恶的了”。故表明摄影中并不赞成微笑的这一做法是根深蒂固的观念，故答案选A。B选项说错误的态度。原文没有体现对与错的争论，故排除。C选项说有争议的观点，原文对在摄影中心照不宣的不赞成微笑是一致的看法，没有争议，故排除。D选项说发人深省的想法，引文马克吐温的话，对这一现象进行嘲讽，并未发人深省，故排除。
35.根据选项问法以及前面四道题答案出处判定出来本题为特殊形式的主旨题，根据第四题答案出处在最后一段，第五道题虽然长得像细节题，但并没有确切的答案出处，虽然题干没有出现主旨题标志词，结合选项的意思，也可判定这是特殊的主旨题，主旨题答案最忌讳以偏概全，只有A选项的问法“为什么大多数维多利亚时代的人在照片里看起来都很严肃?”符合主旨题抛砖引玉/开门见山的问法，全篇文章围绕这一问题展开，详细描述因果，故选A，B选项为什么维多利亚时代的人
开始看照片?明显偷换概念，故排除。C选项说是什么使摄影在维多利亚时期发展缓慢?没有提及摄影技术的发展历程，属于无中生有，故排除。D选项说照片中的微笑是如何成为后维多利亚时代的规范的? 与原文描述事实相反，故排除。
